The Psychology Articles

Clinical psychology is a form of applied psychology to determine the capacity and characteristics of individual behavior using measurement methods of assessment, analysis and observation and testing for physical and social history of cans be obtained advice and recommendations to help the individual adjustment as Appropriate. (American Psychological Association: 1935).

Witmer (1912) Cited by Sutardjo stated That clinical psychology is a method Used to alter or develop one's soul based on the observation and experimentation with Pedagogical handling techniques. However, Woodworth (1937) objected to the definition or understanding of clinical psychology is presented Witmer. According to uterus, if the notion That clinical psychology as proposed Witmer, Should not be Referred to clinical psychology but as a psychology to Provide Services That Are personally or as an alternative. Besides, Woodworth argued Also That the clinical psychologist in the future Should seek to Provide assistance to individuals in solving the problem of selection for the purposes of education and employment, family and social adjustment, working conditions, and other aspects of life.

Which is Often the grip and the basic reference in understanding the current understanding of clinical psychology is the definition set forth by the American Psychological Association (APA), the which formulates the Following clinical psychology: Clinical psychology is a form of applied psychology WHO intend to understand the capacity of individual behaviors and characteristics are carried through methods of measurement, analysis, and Providing advice and recommendations, for individuals capable of performing a proper adjustment.

In the 1920's show That the existence of material Watson psychology based on the rules of science as objective, measurable and observable, is behavioral. Subsequent psychological development Became an even more complicated, Because so many follow the development of philosophy, especially about human nature and methodology. Thus, clinical psychology in accordance with the development of psychology materials in general, is Also facing the Same problem, is the complexity of what Actually read psychology: soul, spirit, mentality, behavior, experience, appreciation, and others.

Judging from history, most likely of Clinical psychology is the discourse of the oldest and is a root of the discourse of psychology in general. However, viewed from the position and function in relation to psychology as an independent branch of Clinical Psychology is not the main Pillars of the science of psychology. Thus there is no basic rule of Clinical Psychology and changed from the foundation That supports the main principles of psychology in general. That there is even the contrary, the discourse of clinical psychology are progressively based on the use of the rules of psychology.

The Pillars the which include psychology is a sub-sub-disciplines of psychology, namely General Psychology, Developmental Psychology, Social Psychology and Personality Study (more commonly known by the name of Personality Psychology.) In the basic understanding, Clinical Psychology is a science That apply or applied as a base of Abnormal Psychology. Meanwhile, Abnormal Psychology is a "continuation" of the study or Personality Psychology. However, as the science of psychology in general, the which is the study of behavior and appreciation of one's experience. Clinical psychology is Also a study about a person's behavior. Clinical psychology is Also a study of the behavior of an individual is typically (a particular individual).

Clinical psychology is based upon the opinions of Hippocrates, that every behavior, Including symptoms of pain, originating from the brain. Furthermore, what is meant by "brain" was expanded into the requirements, and specifically for the behavior, the definition of "brain" is substitution with "psyche" or "soul", "mental" or "mind".

At first, Clinical Psychology is a field of applied studies and Also about the little tiny part of psychology as a whole. Clinical Assessment, Previously better known for diagnostic or psychological problems Called psikodiagnostika, an attempt to understand the symptoms related to problems Experienced by children. Clinical Asament This is a major professional aktiitas undertaken by the practitioner of Clinical Psychology, at That time most of the which is limited in skills. A number of clinicians WHO mioritas conduct psychotherapy, perform under psychiatric supervision. Generally Private practice are rare, that in a more psychological consultation activities mainly Than Actual Clinical Psychology. As for the which is fixed concentration, more widely known role as a mental tester by or for another profession. The Point Is That The Clinical Psychologist accept requests of other Professions, Such as psychiatrists, Psychologists and industry organizations, Teachers, and other mental Professions to perform tests against Their Patients or clients.

The interval Between 1896 and 1946 are Important years in Clinical Psychology. In. That period, the practice of clinical psychology as well as discourse about discourse to dominate psychology in general. Mergers term "psychology" related to the term "clinic" which means the place Nowhere people seek treatment, was first done by L. Witmer (Arieti, 1959 & Phares, 1993). From this merger cans be seen That the applied field is grounded in two different disciplines ie, academic psychology and medicine. Clinical Psychology is a combination of Medical Psychology (the which is the development of psychiatry), and "University Clinicss" Founded by L. Witmer the which is a Further development of mental tests and experimental psychology, or psychology is Often Also called "academic", psychology as a science.

Lightner Witmer in 1896 Founded the Psychological Clinic or "Psychological Clinic" was the first at the University of Pennsylvania. Therefore, in 1896 is Considered as the year of the discovery of clinical psychology as a profession. At this clinic psychologist task is to Examine children have difficulty absorbing the WHO Their lessons. Clinical psychology at That time did not move seagai and MOPS; services for the sick or those WHO experience adjustment disorders. At other universities, the establishment of a psychological clinic kemusiaan Such emerging, Such as psychology That clinic was built by Carl E. Seashore at the University of Iowa. Recorded in 1914 has built 19 clinical psychology, and the number Increased sharply in 1935 to 87 fruit to the clinic (Louttit, 1939).

In 1946, before psychotherapy That Became a professional activity Remain for Clinical Psychologists. Since the 1970s, most clinical Psychologists conducting psychotherapy, while the activities of the assessment or diagnosis only seize 10% of the total time Used in practice. In practical activities, clinical psychologist over a bit like a psychologist in general from the pastor or the human resource manager or doctor. In Common Between Them is an individual evaluation on time and on your particular environment. Its main task is to understand the individual in the Greater depth as the foundation for handling the Following That specific purposes have been Designed.

Are you or your family, including people who are experiencing insomnia? Insomnia or difficulty sleeping, for some people regarded as a matter of course, but if insomnia is allowed it will result in various consequences that interfere with psychological and physical condition, even death. Actually, what is insomnia? If insomnia is caused due to psychological factors like stress within a certain period due to social situation, personal problems are not being completed, the issue of domestic violence, domestic economist crisis, a crisis in business, etc. then the insomnia is classified as insomnia due to psychological factors. However, if you are just experiencing insomnia only 1 or 2 days and this is because your neighborhood is noisy then you only need to be resettled to cure your insomnia. Also, if you are experiencing insomnia because it is experiencing physical pain insomnia will disappear after you recover. On this occasion, we will discuss about the insomnia caused by psychological factors, because it can cause various adverse effects in patients with insomnia, it can even cause death. Therefore, you need to know in advance what is the definition of insomnia.

What is Insomnia?

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-IV (DSM-IV) defines insomnia as difficulty in starting to sleep, maintaining sleep, do not feel fresh on waking up early and experience poor sleep quality. Once you know the definition of insomnia, whether you've started paying attention to yourself, what you are experiencing insomnia or not. For more details, you need to know what are the symptoms of insomnia. However, keep in mind that here we are discussing insomnia due to psychological factors, rather than other factors

Insomnia Symptoms

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-IV (DSM-IV), showed some symptoms can be diagnosed when a person is suffering from insomnia due to psychological factors, namely:

1. Difficulty to initiate, maintain sleep, and not to improve sleep for at least one month is the most common complaint.

2. Insomnia is causing the patient to stress that can disrupt the function of social, occupational or other important areas of functioning.

3. Insomnia due to psychological factors are not included narcolepsy, sleep disorders associated with breathing, circadian rhythm disorders or parasomnias.

4. Insomnia due to psychological factors do not occur because of other mental disorders such as depression, delirium.

5. Insomnia due to psychological factors do not occur due to the direct physiological effects of a substance such as drug abuse or general medical condition.
With the symptoms-mentioned symptoms by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-IV (DSM-IV), the insomnia due to psychological factors can interfere with the various social functions. The question is, what the causes of insomnia due to psychological factors? Want to know the answer, let us follow the following discussion.

Give children the opportunity to express their opinions. As a result, you will have children who are sensitive to their environment and have exceptional leadership. Indeed it is not as easy to back your hand.

Question:
Generally, elementary school age children are able to express an opinion. But, why yes my son did not like it? He even tended to be passive and silent while in class.

Answer:
Indeed, there are also children who are still having difficulty expressing what he had in his thoughts and feelings. Characteristics, when asked to comment about something, there are children who stammer, can not even get the words out at all. We should not stigmatize the child is not smart trigger because there are some things that influenced him, such as:

1. Introverted nature. Children tend to be taciturn character rarely spoke. Although somewhat fair, we need to stimulate children to dare to express an opinion. One way you can do is give an open question. For example, "Do you think we are more fun to go to the bookstore or to a shoe store, huh?" Children usually will answer on the grounds that he had. At the beginning we do to stimulate the courage of children alone and ask the child to not be afraid to ask. Next to be with brother or sister, until at school.

2. It's hard to talk. In the case of stutter or lisp, children who often teasing her friends in the long run shy to speak and eventually he became difficult to express an opinion. Therefore, give motivation to the children to believe in yourself and do not care about people ribbing. If his confidence is growing well, it would be easy to give an opinion.

3. Thinking about a result. Perhaps the child thinks, if he gives an opinion, he will experience the unpleasant effects. Like, if he expressed an opinion, the teachers will be drilled with the following questions, while the child is not ready. Naturally, if children are reluctant to argue. All you need do is to prepare the child's arguments and good data so that when asked again to answer it.

4. Adaptation longer. Maybe kids need more time to adapt to new environments. He often embarrassed when asked his opinion. No need to worry, this will fade away as the child can adapt.

5. Lack of stimulation. Maybe at home or school children of less well stimulated so that it often frightened, shy, hesitant, to argue. It usually occurs in children who experienced authoritarian parenting, all of which have been specified by parents should not be denied and parents impose home rule is very rigid. Can also formal education at school still adhered to the conventional system in which children sit silent and when the teacher is explaining.
Give children the opportunity to express their opinions. As a result, you will have children who are sensitive to their environment and have exceptional leadership. Indeed it is not as easy to back your hand.

Psychologists and child observers, Mini Rose said, to develop leadership skills children should be stimulated as much as possible, one of them by giving children the opportunity to express their opinions. However, parents still have to be careful and meticulous with what the wishes of children.

For some problems that children can be involved to be asked for his opinion. But not all opinions of children must be obeyed. Especially when dealing with the needs of others.
A child still has limitations in processing information. They still think pre-operational and is self-centered. So, sometimes the opinions they express is something that is viewed from his perspective alone.

"What is said by the child is not necessarily right. Sometimes it does not match the needs of others. So there must always be obeyed," said psychologist who said Ms. Romi familiar in it.
One way that can be done to stimulate the child's expression so well is to include children in a discussion forum. Where is the forum can be a container appropriate for train the child express his opinion. In addition, children can argue with a good, trained to think critically and have the other leadership.

Involving children in discussion forums will provide a positive dapak. Children can communicate well with people, have the ability to resolve an issue or problem solving, a sense of empathy and care about the environment and have kemmapuan analyze the needs of the surrounding.

Parents can also do it in a home environment. For example, by discussing the responsibilities of children in domestic work. A sister can be requested as a role model for her sister. Given such beliefs, older children can express an opinion on how to care for younger siblings, gives the rule include obligations. While the little brother to express his opinions on the rules created by his brother.

When discussing with children, parents are advised to use the wise words for children to feel valued. If there is something wrong with the opinion of the child, parents can bring children to learn to respect others. Give reasons, objections, and the loss of child benefits gained from the opinions expressed.

Empathy owned a leader can be trained to familiarize parents express opinions with the wise words. That way children can also train themselves so that sensitivity can be concerned with the environment. Some things to note about the rights of parents believe the child, in accordance with the Convention on the Rights of Childern, among others: Create a democratic atmosphere. Light conversation can we create a relaxed moment. To remove the impression this authoritarian parents. Listen when children speak. Never interrupt a child, let alone ignore it, because children easily imitate what their parents do. Respect your children so they too can appreciate other people.

Use language that is easily understood. Children's ability in capturing the message delivered is not as fast as adults, while also pembendaharaan said they are still small. For that use easily understood language the child. Straighten if there are opinions that are not true. The role of parents in this case is very important. Not all children understand and know that what is conveyed is true. Teach sportsmanship. Children must learn to respect others 'opinions and accept others' opinions better.

Every child has the opportunity to express their opinions and have the potential to become leaders. But keep in mind is how parents can stimulate the child. Exposes children to various life problems, to train children to be able to be a good leader who can manage the environment properly and in accordance with needs. For hone life skills necessary exercise ... exercise ... and exercise. Good Practice.