The Psychology Articles

Multiple intelligences was introduced by prof. Howard Gardner, a psychologist and professor of primary in Cognition and Education, Harvard Graduate School of Education and is also Professor of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine.

Howard Gardner was born June 11, 1943, he entered Harvard in 1961, with initial wishes, entered the Department of History, but under the influence of Erik Erikson, he changed learn social relations (a combination of psychology, sociology, and anthropology), with a concentration in clinical psychology . Then he was influenced by the psychologist Jerome Bruner and Jean Piaget. After a Ph.D. at Harvard in 1971 with a dissertation problem of "sensitivity in children," Gardner continues to work at Harvard, at Project Zero. Founded in 1967, Project Zero is devoted to the systematic study of artistic thinking and creativity in the arts, as well as humanistic and scientific disciplines, both at the individual and institutional. Intelligence says Gardner, is the ability to capture the new situation and the ability to learn from the experience of a person's past. Intelligence depends on the context, tasks and demands put forward by our lives, and not dependent on IQ indigo, college degree or a prestigious reputation. He said Intelligence is the ability to solve problems and produce products in a variety of settings and in real situations (Gardner, 1983, 1993).

This concept has the essence that every person is unique, everyone needs to realize and develop the range of human intelligence and their combinations. Every student is different because it has a different combination of intelligences. Intelligence-intelligence are:

1. Linguistic Intelligence

is proficient in word processing. It is the intelligence of journalists, storytellers, poets, and lawyers. This kind of thinking that produced Shakespeare's King Lear, Homer's Odyssey, and The Story of The Thousand and One Arabian Nights. People who are smart in this field to argue, persuade, entertain, or teach effectively through the spoken word. They like to play the de ¬ with the sounds of language through word puzzles, play on words (pun), and tongue twisters. Sometimes they were proficient in small things, because they are able to remember the facts. Could be they are the expert literature. They loved to read, can write clearly, and can broadly interpret written language.

2. Logical-Mathematical Intelligence

is intelligence in terms of numbers and logic. It is the intelligence of the scientists, accountants and computer programmers. Newton uses this intelligence when he discovered the calculus. Similarly, with Einstein when he was breastfeeding-sun theory of relativity. The characteristics of intelligent people who are logical-mathematical reasoning includes the ability to, sort, thinking in causal patterns, creating hypotheses, searching for regularities conceptual or numerical patterns, and general outlook on life is rational.

3. Visual-Spatial Intelligence

includes thinking in pictures, as well as the ability to perceive, transform, and re-create various aspects of visual-spatial world. This intelligence is the intelligence of the architects, photographers, artists, pilots, and mechanical engineers. Whoever designed the pyramids in Egypt, must have this intelligence. Similarly, with such figures as Thomas Edison, Pablo Picasso, and Ansel Adams. People with a high degree of spatial intelligence almost always have a keen sensitivity to visual details and to describe something so alive, painting or sketching ideas clearly, and easily adjust the orientation in three-dimensional space.

4. Musical Intelligence

The main characteristic of this intelligence is the ability to perceive, appreciate, and create rhythms and melodies. Bach, Beethoven, or Brahms, as well as Balinese gamelan players or singers Yugoslav epic story, all have this intelligence. Musical intelligence is also owned by people who are sensitive tone, to sing the songs properly, can follow the rhythm of music, and who listen to various works of music with particular acuity level.

5. Bodily-kinesthetic Intelligence

This intelligences include talent in controlling body movements and skills in handling objects. Athletes, artisans, mechanics, and surgeons have bodily-kinesthetic intelligence level is high. Likewise Charlie Chaplin, who utilize this intelligence to perform tap dance movements as the "Little Tramp". ¬ People with the physical intelligence have skills in sewing, carpentry, or assemble models. They also enjoy physical activity, such as walking, dancing, running, camping, swimming, or boating. They are the ones who deftly, his touch very sensitive senses, can not stay silent, and interest in all things.

6. Interpersonal Intelligence

This is to ability to understand and cooperate with others. To ¬ intelligence is especially requires the ability to perceive and pliers-gap on mood, temperament, intentions, and desires of others. Directorate of social tour of a cruise ship must have this intelligence, as well as with leaders of large corporations. Someone who has the interpersonal intelligence can have compassion and social responsibility such as Mahatma Gandhi, or it could be like manipulating and cunning as Machiavelli. However, they all have the ability to understand others and see the world from the perspective of the person concerned. Therefore, they can be a networker, negotiator, and an accomplished teacher.

7. Intrapersonal Intelligence

People who very good in this intelligence can easily access their own feelings, to distinguish various kinds of emotional state, and uses his own understanding to enrich and guide his life. Examples of people who have this intelligence, the counselors, theologians, and entrepreneurs. They are very introspective and like to meditate, contemplate, or other forms of deep soul search. Instead, they are also very independent, very focused on goals, and highly disciplined. Broadly speaking, they are people who love learning and prefer to work alone rather than working with others. (Armstrong: 1999: 3-6)

8. Naturalist Intelligence

Gardner describes intelligence as the ability of one's environment for flora and fauna can be understood properly, can make other consequential distinctions in the natural; ability to understand and enjoy nature, and use it in a productive abilities in hunting, farming, and develop knowledge of nature.

9. Existence Intelligence

Children who have this intelligence has the traits that tend to be questioning everything about human existence, the meaning of life, why the human experience of death, and the reality that it faces.

Under the traditional sense, intelligence includes the ability to read, write and count that as a skill of words and numbers that are the focus on formal education (schools), and actually lead a person to achieve success in academics. But the definition of success not only this life. Developing new view says that there are other intelligences out intellectual intelligence (IQ), such as talent, acumen social observation, social relationships, emotional maturity, and others who must also be developed.

Emotion has long been considered to have depth and strength so that in Latin, for example, emotion is described as Motus anima which literally means the spirit that moves us. The root of the word emotion is movere, the Latin verb meaning. Moving, moving. Emotions have a role in improving the construction process thoughts in various forms of human life experience. Salovey and Mayers defines emotions as organized responses, including physiological systems, which pass through the various sub-systems boundary psychological, such as cognition, motivation, and experience. This understanding suggests that emotion is a response to stimuli from the environment around a well-organized sub-system through psychological.

Crow and Crow in Hartati states that emotion is a highly volatile situation on the individual self that serves as an inner adjustment to the environment to achieve the welfare and safety of individuals. Emotions in this definition is a role in decisions that determine the welfare and safety of individuals. Ibda states that emotion is a feeling and pikiranpikiran his trademark. A state of biological and psychological-and a series of tendencies to act. While Sarlito Wirawan Sartono in Syamsu argues that emotions are any circumstances in a person who accompanied affective color at both the weak and the broad level (depth).

According Wibowo (2002) (in Melandy and Aziza, 2006) emotional intelligence is emotional intelligence for use in accordance with the desire, ability to control emotions so as to provide a positive impact. Emotional intelligence can help build relationships in happiness and prosperity. Meanwhile, according to Cooper and Sawaf (1998) (in Mu'tadin, 2002) emotional intelligence is the ability to perceive, understand, and effectively apply the power and sensitivity of emotion as a source of energy, information, connections and influence human. According to Salovey and Mayer (in Rissyo and Aziza, 2006), Creator of the term "emotional intelligence", defines emotional intelligence is the ability to recognize feelings, reach out and evoke feelings to help the mind, to understand the feeling and meaning, and control the feeling of depth that helped the development of emotional and intellectual.

Of the few opinions on the above, then the emotion is a response to the stimulus provided, either from the environment or from within the individual himself-so that individuals can make choices in life that determine their lives. Emotion as a psychological event contains the following characteristics: first, more subjective than other psychological events, such as observation and thinking. second, fluctuated (not fixed), and third, a lot has to do with the events of the introduction of the five senses.

There are two kinds of opinions about the emotion that is opinion and opinion navistik empiristik. Opinion navistik assume that emotions are essentially innate, while opinion empiristik think that emotion is formed by experience and learning. Some people think that the feelings and emotions are the same. But Sabri in his book reveals that between feelings and emotions are different. In a sense there is the willingness of contacts with external situations (both positive and negative), while the emotional contacts seemed to be cracked or broken (for example, shocked, frightened, sleepy, etc.).

Components of Emotional Intelligence

According to Goleman (2003) in Nuraini (2007) there are five dimensions or components of emotional intelligence (EQ), namely:

1. Self awareness : Knowing his own feelings or what is perceived and used it to guide decision-making yourself and have a realistic benchmark for the ability and confidence is strong
2. Self regulation : Control their own emotions so that a positive impact on the performance of duties; sensitive from conscience and capable of delaying pleasure before the achievement of a target, capable of recovering from emotional stress.
3. Motivation : Using a desire to mobilize and lead toward a goal, helping to take the initiative and act very effective and enduring face of failure and frustration
4. Empathy : Sensing that felt by other people and understand their perspective, foster a trusting relationship and align ourselves with the variety of people
5. Social skill : The ability to build relationships with others; Handling emotions well when dealing with others and carefully read the situation and social networks and interact with current and use this skill to influence others

Intelligence words derived from Latin word "intelligere" which means connect or unite with each other (to organize, to Relate, to bind, together).
William Stern defines that intelligence is the power mnyesuaikan themselves with the new situation by using the tools to think according to its purpose. Stern stressed the matter of "adjustment" to the problems it faces. People who are intelligent will be faster and more precise in dealing with the problems barubila compared with the less intelligent. The man considered intelligent if the response is a good response to the stimulus it receives.
Hedison Lewis Terman gave his opinion about the intelligence as ".... Theability to carry on abstract Thingking". Terman distinguish the "abilities" related to things that are concrete premises "abilities" related to things that abstark.
According to Spearman intelligence it contains 2 kinds of factors, namely:
1. "General ability" (factor G)
2. "Special ability" (factor S)
Spearman's theory known as dual factor theory (two factors theory).
According to Spearman's "general ability" or "general factor" present in all individuals but different from one another. Factor G was always found in all the "performance". While the S factor is a factor that is specific, ie on a particular field. So if on one factor S in a particular field is dominant, then the person tersebit will stand out in that field. According to Spearman each "performance" Gdan factor S factor, or can be formulated:
P = G + S

But because S is a special character then when individuals face different issues then S will also be different.
Burt has a view close to the views of Spearman. But according to Burt in addition to the G factor and S factor there is another factor that is "common abilities." Common abilities is an "ability" something particular ability group. So according to Burt in intelligence, there are 3 factors: factor G, factor
S, factor C. Can be formulated:
P = G + S + C

Are like has been stated above that each individual varies in terms of intelligence. Because different terms then the individ intelligence with one another is not the same ability to solve a problem faced. Regarding the matter of differences in intelligence is the existence of different views which emphasize the qualitative differences and viewpoints that emphasize quantitative differences. The first view argues that differences in individual intelligence with each other qualitatively different than it was incorrect, so the dasrnya is different. While the discussion focuses on kualititatif view argues that differences in intelligence with one another only be qualitative, so therefore solely due to material differences pliers received or due to differences in the learning process. The differences in the learning process will bring a difference in terms of intelligence.
With intelligence test intended to disclose the intelligence level of individuals tested. People who can be regarded as the person who first created the Binet intelligence test. As has been stated upfront after Binet created the test, it then evolved with the rapid test. Binet intelligence test than originally compiled in 1905, who then gets a good variety of Binet itself and from other experts.
In 1916 Binet test was revised, and adapted the famous with the Revised Terman of Stanford University and known as the "Stanford Revision" or "Stanford Binet." Revised test was held to adjust to the situation in America, and used terms:
I. Q. = M. A
C. A
To avoid fractional numbers, the formula is multiplied by 100 so that the formula of the form:
I. Q = M. A x 100
C. A
It turned out that intelligence tests have continued to progress. In 1939, David Wecchsler create "individual intelligence test" which is famous for "Wechsler-Bellevue Intelligence Scale" and in 1949 created the test "Intelligebce Wechsler Scale for Children (WISC), which diperumtukkan for children. His IQ Classification:
Very Superior 130 + IQ
Superior 120-129 IQ
Bright Normal 110-119 IQ
Ayerage 90-109 IQ
Dull Normal 80-89 IQ
Borderline 70-79 IQ
Mental defective bellows 69 and IQ (Harriman, 1958)

According to his strength, intellect there are 2 kinds:
1. Creative intelligence: intelligence is the power to create something
2. Executive intelligence: intelligence is a force to follow the thoughts of others.

According to the point, intelligence can be divided into 2 types:
1. Theoretical intelligence: an intelligence to mmemecahkan problem is the theory.
2. Practical intelligence: intelligence is to pick tindaka or to do.

Various kinds of intelligence tests:
1. Intelligence-test Binet-Simon:
Binet and Simon both the French nation, investigating the intelligence of children aged between 3-15 years, to the relationship with school knowledge. It contained among other meniruka sentences, citing a row of numbers, make a sentence with 3 words and so forth. With this we get the Comparative Intelligence abbreviated abbreviated PK or intelligence quotient, IQ.
IQ is a divide we get intelligence age (MA = Mental Age) is the number of correct answers divided by calendar age (CA = Chornological Age) is the child's age was investigated, then multiplied by 100.

2. Test Army (Army Mental Test) in America
In 1917 the United States joined World War I against the nature of Germany. Therefore, America was forced to form a massive army secra in a short time. The test is used Psikoteknik, psychology is the study of one's ability to hold a position in accordance with their respective intelligence. Since the test included the countrymen, the test is then called the National Intelligence Test.

3. Mental test
Is a test to find out any ability sseorang soul that includes fantasy, memory, mind, intellect, feelings. So the intelligence test is only part of a mental test.

4. Scholastic test
Is a test to determine the level of teaching in each subject, in each class. Yan emphasis is to work quickly and well. Test iniberguna to replace the general tests or exams.