The Psychology Articles

Clinical psychology is a form of applied psychology to determine the capacity and characteristics of individual behavior using measurement methods of assessment, analysis and observation and testing for physical and social history of cans be obtained advice and recommendations to help the individual adjustment as Appropriate. (American Psychological Association: 1935).

Witmer (1912) Cited by Sutardjo stated That clinical psychology is a method Used to alter or develop one's soul based on the observation and experimentation with Pedagogical handling techniques. However, Woodworth (1937) objected to the definition or understanding of clinical psychology is presented Witmer. According to uterus, if the notion That clinical psychology as proposed Witmer, Should not be Referred to clinical psychology but as a psychology to Provide Services That Are personally or as an alternative. Besides, Woodworth argued Also That the clinical psychologist in the future Should seek to Provide assistance to individuals in solving the problem of selection for the purposes of education and employment, family and social adjustment, working conditions, and other aspects of life.

Which is Often the grip and the basic reference in understanding the current understanding of clinical psychology is the definition set forth by the American Psychological Association (APA), the which formulates the Following clinical psychology: Clinical psychology is a form of applied psychology WHO intend to understand the capacity of individual behaviors and characteristics are carried through methods of measurement, analysis, and Providing advice and recommendations, for individuals capable of performing a proper adjustment.

In the 1920's show That the existence of material Watson psychology based on the rules of science as objective, measurable and observable, is behavioral. Subsequent psychological development Became an even more complicated, Because so many follow the development of philosophy, especially about human nature and methodology. Thus, clinical psychology in accordance with the development of psychology materials in general, is Also facing the Same problem, is the complexity of what Actually read psychology: soul, spirit, mentality, behavior, experience, appreciation, and others.

Judging from history, most likely of Clinical psychology is the discourse of the oldest and is a root of the discourse of psychology in general. However, viewed from the position and function in relation to psychology as an independent branch of Clinical Psychology is not the main Pillars of the science of psychology. Thus there is no basic rule of Clinical Psychology and changed from the foundation That supports the main principles of psychology in general. That there is even the contrary, the discourse of clinical psychology are progressively based on the use of the rules of psychology.

The Pillars the which include psychology is a sub-sub-disciplines of psychology, namely General Psychology, Developmental Psychology, Social Psychology and Personality Study (more commonly known by the name of Personality Psychology.) In the basic understanding, Clinical Psychology is a science That apply or applied as a base of Abnormal Psychology. Meanwhile, Abnormal Psychology is a "continuation" of the study or Personality Psychology. However, as the science of psychology in general, the which is the study of behavior and appreciation of one's experience. Clinical psychology is Also a study about a person's behavior. Clinical psychology is Also a study of the behavior of an individual is typically (a particular individual).

Clinical psychology is based upon the opinions of Hippocrates, that every behavior, Including symptoms of pain, originating from the brain. Furthermore, what is meant by "brain" was expanded into the requirements, and specifically for the behavior, the definition of "brain" is substitution with "psyche" or "soul", "mental" or "mind".

At first, Clinical Psychology is a field of applied studies and Also about the little tiny part of psychology as a whole. Clinical Assessment, Previously better known for diagnostic or psychological problems Called psikodiagnostika, an attempt to understand the symptoms related to problems Experienced by children. Clinical Asament This is a major professional aktiitas undertaken by the practitioner of Clinical Psychology, at That time most of the which is limited in skills. A number of clinicians WHO mioritas conduct psychotherapy, perform under psychiatric supervision. Generally Private practice are rare, that in a more psychological consultation activities mainly Than Actual Clinical Psychology. As for the which is fixed concentration, more widely known role as a mental tester by or for another profession. The Point Is That The Clinical Psychologist accept requests of other Professions, Such as psychiatrists, Psychologists and industry organizations, Teachers, and other mental Professions to perform tests against Their Patients or clients.

The interval Between 1896 and 1946 are Important years in Clinical Psychology. In. That period, the practice of clinical psychology as well as discourse about discourse to dominate psychology in general. Mergers term "psychology" related to the term "clinic" which means the place Nowhere people seek treatment, was first done by L. Witmer (Arieti, 1959 & Phares, 1993). From this merger cans be seen That the applied field is grounded in two different disciplines ie, academic psychology and medicine. Clinical Psychology is a combination of Medical Psychology (the which is the development of psychiatry), and "University Clinicss" Founded by L. Witmer the which is a Further development of mental tests and experimental psychology, or psychology is Often Also called "academic", psychology as a science.

Lightner Witmer in 1896 Founded the Psychological Clinic or "Psychological Clinic" was the first at the University of Pennsylvania. Therefore, in 1896 is Considered as the year of the discovery of clinical psychology as a profession. At this clinic psychologist task is to Examine children have difficulty absorbing the WHO Their lessons. Clinical psychology at That time did not move seagai and MOPS; services for the sick or those WHO experience adjustment disorders. At other universities, the establishment of a psychological clinic kemusiaan Such emerging, Such as psychology That clinic was built by Carl E. Seashore at the University of Iowa. Recorded in 1914 has built 19 clinical psychology, and the number Increased sharply in 1935 to 87 fruit to the clinic (Louttit, 1939).

In 1946, before psychotherapy That Became a professional activity Remain for Clinical Psychologists. Since the 1970s, most clinical Psychologists conducting psychotherapy, while the activities of the assessment or diagnosis only seize 10% of the total time Used in practice. In practical activities, clinical psychologist over a bit like a psychologist in general from the pastor or the human resource manager or doctor. In Common Between Them is an individual evaluation on time and on your particular environment. Its main task is to understand the individual in the Greater depth as the foundation for handling the Following That specific purposes have been Designed.

Therefore, clinical psychology has no medical education, the right of a clinical psychologist to Provide psychotherapy Often in years 1950-1980 are disputed. The term psychotherapy cans only be done by psychiatrists. There the which formal education is usually done at the university for the purpose of obtaining a degree, and there education practices conducted in the institution to support the special skills associated with psychology and psychological asrsmen. To educational practice, the which plays an Important role is a professional organization.
Hien Yap Kie (1968) Some other suggested terms for "Clinical Psychology." These terms are not entirely to own the Same meaning as the term representing the flow varies EACH. These terms are psychopathology, abnormal psychology, medical psychology, psychology and mental health pato psychology. As has been stated Including That of clinical psychology assessment, intervention and research. Stability in the foreign countries clinical psychology as a profession in the practice of clinical psychology is supported by a professional organization of clinical psychology, published the journal That contains the clinical psychology research, establishment of study for clinical psychology program supported professional organizations and others.

Are you or your family, including people who are experiencing insomnia? Insomnia or difficulty sleeping, for some people regarded as a matter of course, but if insomnia is allowed it will result in various consequences that interfere with psychological and physical condition, even death. Actually, what is insomnia? If insomnia is caused due to psychological factors like stress within a certain period due to social situation, personal problems are not being completed, the issue of domestic violence, domestic economist crisis, a crisis in business, etc. then the insomnia is classified as insomnia due to psychological factors. However, if you are just experiencing insomnia only 1 or 2 days and this is because your neighborhood is noisy then you only need to be resettled to cure your insomnia. Also, if you are experiencing insomnia because it is experiencing physical pain insomnia will disappear after you recover. On this occasion, we will discuss about the insomnia caused by psychological factors, because it can cause various adverse effects in patients with insomnia, it can even cause death. Therefore, you need to know in advance what is the definition of insomnia.

What is Insomnia?

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-IV (DSM-IV) defines insomnia as difficulty in starting to sleep, maintaining sleep, do not feel fresh on waking up early and experience poor sleep quality. Once you know the definition of insomnia, whether you've started paying attention to yourself, what you are experiencing insomnia or not. For more details, you need to know what are the symptoms of insomnia. However, keep in mind that here we are discussing insomnia due to psychological factors, rather than other factors

Insomnia Symptoms

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-IV (DSM-IV), showed some symptoms can be diagnosed when a person is suffering from insomnia due to psychological factors, namely:

1. Difficulty to initiate, maintain sleep, and not to improve sleep for at least one month is the most common complaint.

2. Insomnia is causing the patient to stress that can disrupt the function of social, occupational or other important areas of functioning.

3. Insomnia due to psychological factors are not included narcolepsy, sleep disorders associated with breathing, circadian rhythm disorders or parasomnias.

4. Insomnia due to psychological factors do not occur because of other mental disorders such as depression, delirium.

5. Insomnia due to psychological factors do not occur due to the direct physiological effects of a substance such as drug abuse or general medical condition.
With the symptoms-mentioned symptoms by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-IV (DSM-IV), the insomnia due to psychological factors can interfere with the various social functions. The question is, what the causes of insomnia due to psychological factors? Want to know the answer, let us follow the following discussion.

Children with autism should receive the appropriate handler since the age of DNI, for that parents need to understand how the handler is right for their child. Here are some ways in dealing with autistic children include the following:

· All handling / treatment using natural products / plant except the vitamins).

· Diet certain foods.

· Boost the immune system (immune) phllanhus niruri.

· Detoxification / repair of the liver with curcuma, xanthrorrhizae rhizoma.

· Anti-inflammatory / lnflamasi by piper betle folia.

· Vitamins

· Soaking the feet with a solution of neurotransmitters to repair nerve and hormonal functions.

· Radiation is used for activation of gross motor / fine.

· Spiritual used to smooth the path of electromagnetic waves on human energy.

As for jenisterapi should choose the type of therapy that matches the needs of children with autism. Here are 10 types of therapy actually be recognized by professionals and are good for autism. However, do not forget that Autism Spectrum Disorder is a disturbance of the development process, so that any type of therapy is carried out will require a long time. In addition, the therapy must be integrated and each child requires a different type of therapy.

1. Applied Behavioral Analysis (ABA)

ABA is a type of therapy that has been long used, has conducted research and designed specifically for children with autism. The system used is given special training in children by providing positive reinforcement (reward / praise). This type of therapy can be measured progress. Currently, therapy is the most widely used in Indonesia.

2. Speech Therapy

Almost all children with autism have difficulty in speech and language. Usually this is the most prominent, many autistic individuals are non-verbal or oratorical ability was lacking. Sometimes he spoke quite developed, but they are unable to use speech to communicate / interact with others. In this case, speech and language therapy will be very helpful.

3. Occupational Therapy

Almost all children with autism have delays in fine motor development. His movements were stiff and rough, they have trouble holding a pencil in the right way, hard to hold the spoon and bribing food to his mouth, and so forth. In this case, occupational therapy is very important to train the muscles of the subtle use properly.

4. Physical Therapy

Autism is a pervasive developmental disorder. Many autistic individuals have the developmental disorder in motor ballpark. Sometimes the tone flabby muscles so that the course is less strong. His balance is not good. Physiotherapy and sensory integration therapy would very much help to strengthen muscles and improve his balance.

5. Social Therapy

The most fundamental deficiency for individuals with autism is in the field of communication and interaction. Many of these children need help in 2-way communication skills, make friends and play together in place to play. A social therapist assist by providing facilities for them to socialize with peers and teach ways.

6. Play Therapy

While hearing a strange, an autistic child needs help in learning to play. Playing with peers is useful to learn to talk, communication and social interaction. A therapist can help the child play in this regard with certain techniques.

7. Behaviour Therapy.

Children with autism often feel frustrated. Her friends often do not understand them, they find it hard to express their needs, they are many who are hypersensitive to sound, light and touch. No wonder that they often went berserk. A behavior therapist is trained to look for the background of the negative behavior and seek a solution by recommending changes in environment and routine child to improve his behavior,

8. Therapy Development

Floortime, Son-rise and RDI (Relationship Developmental Intervention) is considered as the therapy development. This means that children learn their interests, strengths and developmental level, and improved social skills, emotional and intellectual. Therapy is different from the development of behavioral therapies such as ABA that more specific teaching skills.

9. Visual Therapy

Autistic individuals is easier to learn by seeing (visual Learners / visual thinkers). This is then used to develop methods of communication learn through the pictures, for example with the method of Pecs (Picture Exchange Communication System). Some video games can also be used to develop communication skills.

10. Biomedical Therapy

Biomedical therapy developed by physician groups who joined in AND! (Defeat Autism Now). Many of the pioneering having autistic children. They are very determined to do research and find that the symptoms the child is exacerbated by the presence of metabolic disorders which will impact on brain function disorders. Therefore these children are examined intensively, checking, blood, urine, feces, and hair. All things found abnormal taken care of, so that the brain is clear of interference. The real more children making progress when you get a comprehensive therapy, namely therapy from outside and from within his own body (biomedical).