Multiple intelligences
Multiple intelligences was introduced by prof. Howard Gardner, a psychologist and professor of primary in Cognition and Education, Harvard Graduate School of Education and is also Professor of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine.
Howard Gardner was born June 11, 1943, he entered Harvard in 1961, with initial wishes, entered the Department of History, but under the influence of Erik Erikson, he changed learn social relations (a combination of psychology, sociology, and anthropology), with a concentration in clinical psychology . Then he was influenced by the psychologist Jerome Bruner and Jean Piaget. After a Ph.D. at Harvard in 1971 with a dissertation problem of "sensitivity in children," Gardner continues to work at Harvard, at Project Zero. Founded in 1967, Project Zero is devoted to the systematic study of artistic thinking and creativity in the arts, as well as humanistic and scientific disciplines, both at the individual and institutional. Intelligence says Gardner, is the ability to capture the new situation and the ability to learn from the experience of a person's past. Intelligence depends on the context, tasks and demands put forward by our lives, and not dependent on IQ indigo, college degree or a prestigious reputation. He said Intelligence is the ability to solve problems and produce products in a variety of settings and in real situations (Gardner, 1983, 1993).
This concept has the essence that every person is unique, everyone needs to realize and develop the range of human intelligence and their combinations. Every student is different because it has a different combination of intelligences. Intelligence-intelligence are:
1. Linguistic Intelligence
is proficient in word processing. It is the intelligence of journalists, storytellers, poets, and lawyers. This kind of thinking that produced Shakespeare's King Lear, Homer's Odyssey, and The Story of The Thousand and One Arabian Nights. People who are smart in this field to argue, persuade, entertain, or teach effectively through the spoken word. They like to play the de ¬ with the sounds of language through word puzzles, play on words (pun), and tongue twisters. Sometimes they were proficient in small things, because they are able to remember the facts. Could be they are the expert literature. They loved to read, can write clearly, and can broadly interpret written language.
2. Logical-Mathematical Intelligence
is intelligence in terms of numbers and logic. It is the intelligence of the scientists, accountants and computer programmers. Newton uses this intelligence when he discovered the calculus. Similarly, with Einstein when he was breastfeeding-sun theory of relativity. The characteristics of intelligent people who are logical-mathematical reasoning includes the ability to, sort, thinking in causal patterns, creating hypotheses, searching for regularities conceptual or numerical patterns, and general outlook on life is rational.
3. Visual-Spatial Intelligence
includes thinking in pictures, as well as the ability to perceive, transform, and re-create various aspects of visual-spatial world. This intelligence is the intelligence of the architects, photographers, artists, pilots, and mechanical engineers. Whoever designed the pyramids in Egypt, must have this intelligence. Similarly, with such figures as Thomas Edison, Pablo Picasso, and Ansel Adams. People with a high degree of spatial intelligence almost always have a keen sensitivity to visual details and to describe something so alive, painting or sketching ideas clearly, and easily adjust the orientation in three-dimensional space.
4. Musical Intelligence
The main characteristic of this intelligence is the ability to perceive, appreciate, and create rhythms and melodies. Bach, Beethoven, or Brahms, as well as Balinese gamelan players or singers Yugoslav epic story, all have this intelligence. Musical intelligence is also owned by people who are sensitive tone, to sing the songs properly, can follow the rhythm of music, and who listen to various works of music with particular acuity level.
5. Bodily-kinesthetic Intelligence
This intelligences include talent in controlling body movements and skills in handling objects. Athletes, artisans, mechanics, and surgeons have bodily-kinesthetic intelligence level is high. Likewise Charlie Chaplin, who utilize this intelligence to perform tap dance movements as the "Little Tramp". ¬ People with the physical intelligence have skills in sewing, carpentry, or assemble models. They also enjoy physical activity, such as walking, dancing, running, camping, swimming, or boating. They are the ones who deftly, his touch very sensitive senses, can not stay silent, and interest in all things.
6. Interpersonal Intelligence
This is to ability to understand and cooperate with others. To ¬ intelligence is especially requires the ability to perceive and pliers-gap on mood, temperament, intentions, and desires of others. Directorate of social tour of a cruise ship must have this intelligence, as well as with leaders of large corporations. Someone who has the interpersonal intelligence can have compassion and social responsibility such as Mahatma Gandhi, or it could be like manipulating and cunning as Machiavelli. However, they all have the ability to understand others and see the world from the perspective of the person concerned. Therefore, they can be a networker, negotiator, and an accomplished teacher.
7. Intrapersonal Intelligence
People who very good in this intelligence can easily access their own feelings, to distinguish various kinds of emotional state, and uses his own understanding to enrich and guide his life. Examples of people who have this intelligence, the counselors, theologians, and entrepreneurs. They are very introspective and like to meditate, contemplate, or other forms of deep soul search. Instead, they are also very independent, very focused on goals, and highly disciplined. Broadly speaking, they are people who love learning and prefer to work alone rather than working with others. (Armstrong: 1999: 3-6)
8. Naturalist Intelligence
Gardner describes intelligence as the ability of one's environment for flora and fauna can be understood properly, can make other consequential distinctions in the natural; ability to understand and enjoy nature, and use it in a productive abilities in hunting, farming, and develop knowledge of nature.
9. Existence Intelligence
Children who have this intelligence has the traits that tend to be questioning everything about human existence, the meaning of life, why the human experience of death, and the reality that it faces.
